Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer

Summary

Because Laufer voluntarily dismissed her pending suits under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Laufer’s case against Acheson is moot.

Text

PRELIMINARY PRINT 
Volume 601 U. S. Part 1 
Pages 1–22 
OFFICIAL REPORTS 
OF 
THE SUPREME COURT 
December 5, 2023 
REBECCA A. WOMELDORF 
reporter of decisions 
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NOTICE: This preliminary print is subject to formal revision before 
the bound volume is published. Users are requested to notify the Reporter 
of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D.C. 20543, 
[email protected], of any typographical or other formal errors.

CASES ADJUDGED 
IN THE 
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 
AT 
OCTOBER TERM, 2023 
ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
certiorari to the united states court of appeals for 
the rst circuit 
No. 22–429. Argued October 4, 2023—Decided December 5, 2023 
The Court granted review in this case to consider whether Deborah 
Laufer has Article III standing to sue hotels whose websites failed to 
state whether they have accessible rooms for the disabled as required 
by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, even if Laufer had no 
thought of staying at the hotels, much less booking a room. After a 
lower court sanctioned her lawyer, Laufer voluntarily dismissed her 
pending suits, including her case against Acheson Hotels, LLC, and fled 
a suggestion of mootness in this Court. Though Laufer's case is moot, 
the circuit split on the issue briefed and argued in this Court is very 
much alive. 
Held: This case is vacated as moot. The Court has the authority to ad-
dress jurisdictional issues of mootness and standing in any order it 
chooses. See Sinochem Int'l Co. v. Malaysia Int'l Shipping Corp., 549 
U. S. 422, 431. And while the Court is sensitive to Acheson's concern 
about litigants manipulating this Court's jurisdiction, the Court is not 
convinced that Laufer abandoned her case in an effort to evade the 
Court's review. Pp. 4–6. 
50 F. 4th 259, vacated and remanded. 
Barrett, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Roberts, 
C. J., and Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh, JJ., 
1 
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2 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Syllabus 
joined. Thomas, J., post, p. 6, and Jackson, J., post, p. 14, fled opinions 
concurring in the judgment. 
Adam G. Unikowsky argued the cause for petitioner. 
With him on the briefs were Lindsay C. Harrison, Sally A. 
Morris, and Andrianna D. Kastanek. 
Erica L. Ross argued the cause for the United States as 
amicus curiae urging reversal. With her on the brief were 
Solicitor General Prelogar, Assistant Attorney General 
Clarke, Deputy Solicitor General Fletcher, Bonnie I. Robin-
Vergeer, and Yael Bortnick. 
Kelsi Brown Corkran argued the cause for respondent. 
With her on the briefs were Rupa Bhattacharyya, Amy L. 
Marshak, and Joseph W. Mead.* 
*Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were fled for the Atlantic Legal 
Foundation et al. by Lawrence S. Ebner and Sarah Elizabeth Spencer; for 
The Buckeye Institute et al. by Larry J. Obhof, Jr., Robert Alt, and David 
C. Tryon; for the Center for Constitutional Responsibility by Steven 
P . Lehotsky, Andrew B. Davis, Karen R. Harned, and Drew F. Waldbeser; 
for the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America et al. by 
Mark A. Perry, Jennifer B. Dickey, Jonathan D. Urick, and Thomas 
Pinder; for the Restaurant Law Center et al. by Dylan B. Carp and An-
gelo I. Amador; and for the Retail Litigation Center, Inc., et al. by Shay 
Dvoretzky, Parker Rider-Longmaid, Michael W. McTigue, Jr., Meredith 
C. Slawe, Jeremy Patashnik, Deborah R. White, and Jason D. Russell. 
Briefs of amici curiae urging affrmance were fled for the Constitu-
tional Accountability Center by Elizabeth B. Wydra and Brianne J. Gorod; 
for Disability Antidiscrimination Law Scholars by Hyland Hunt and Ruth-
anne M. Deutsch; for the Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund 
et al. by Karla Gilbride , Amy Farr Robertson, and Maria Michelle Uzeta; 
for Fair Housing Organizations et al. by Reed Colfax, Lila Miller, Gemma 
Donofrio, Daniel Woofter, and Diane L. Houk; for the NAACP Legal 
Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., et al. by Janai S. Nelson, Samuel 
Spital, Christopher Kemmitt, Michael Skocpol, David D. Cole, Sunu 
P . Chandy, Rachel E. Smith, Damon Hewitt, Jon Greenbaum, Thomas 
Silverstein, ReNika Moore, Sandra Park, Zachary L. Heiden, Jocelyn D. 
Larkin, Lindsay Nako, Karen L. Loewy, and Raymond P . Tolentino; for 
Public Citizen by Scott L. Nelson and Allison M. Zieve; and for Philip L. 
Schuler et al. by Michael M. Epstein, pro se. 
Briefs of amici curiae were fled for the Commonwealth of Massachu-
setts et al. by Andrea Joy Campbell, Attorney General of Massachusetts, 
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Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 3 
Opinion of the Court 
Justice Barrett delivered the opinion of the Court. 
Deborah Laufer has sued hundreds of hotels whose web-
sites failed to state whether they have rooms accessible to 
the disabled. As the sheer number of lawsuits suggests, she 
does not focus her efforts on hotels where she has any 
thought of staying, much less booking a room. Instead, 
Laufer systematically searches the web to fnd hotels that 
fail to provide accessibility information and sues to force 
compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 
(ADA), 104 Stat. 327, 42 U. S. C. § 12101 et seq. Ordinarily, 
the hotels settle her claims and pay her attorney's fees. But 
some have resisted, arguing that Laufer is not injured by 
the absence of information about rooms she has no plans to 
reserve. Only plaintiffs who allege a concrete injury have 
standing to sue in federal court. Laufer, these hotels have 
argued, is suing to enforce the law rather than to remedy 
her own harms. 
Laufer has singlehandedly generated a circuit split. The 
Second, Fifth, and Tenth Circuits have held that she lacks 
standing; the First, Fourth, and Eleventh Circuits have held 
that she has it. We took this case from the First Circuit to 
resolve the split. 50 F. 4th 259 (2022); 598 U. S. ––– (2023). 
Though Acheson Hotels, LLC, fled the petition, Laufer sup-
ported the grant. 
After we granted review, the case took an unusual turn. 
In July, the United States District Court for the District of 
Maryland suspended Laufer's lawyer, Tristan Gillespie, from 
the practice of law for defrauding hotels by lying in fee peti-
David C. Kravitz, Deputy State Solicitor, and Ann E. Lynch and David 
R. Rangaviz, Assistant Attorneys General, and by the Attorneys General 
for their respective jurisdictions as follows: William Tong of Connecticut, 
Brian L. Schwalb of the District of Columbia, Kwame Raoul of Illinois, 
Anthony G. Brown of Maryland, Matthew J. Platkin of New Jersey, Leti-
tia James of New York, Ellen F. Rosenblum of Oregon, and Robert W. 
Ferguson of Washington; and for the National Association of Home Build-
ers of the United States by Jeffrey B. Augello, Thomas J. Ward, and Feli-
cia K. Watson. 
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4 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Opinion of the Court 
tions and during settlement negotiations. See Order in In 
re Gillespie , No. 1:21–mc–14 (July 5, 2023), ECF Doc. 14. 
It based the suspension on a report fnding that Gillespie 
demanded $10,000 in attorney's fees per case even though he 
used “boilerplate complaints.” Report and Recommenda-
tion in No. 1:21–mc–14 (June 30, 2023), ECF Doc. 13, pp. 5, 
26. In addition, Gillespie funneled six-fgure sums to the fa-
ther of Laufer's grandchild for investigatory work that he 
never performed, raising the prospect that either Gillespie 
or Laufer (or both) got a cut of the money. Id., at 28, 30. 
Making matters still worse, the sanctions order against Gil-
lespie also implicated Laufer's former counsel of record be-
fore this Court, Thomas Bacon. Id., at 30–31.* 
Following these revelations, Laufer voluntarily dismissed 
her pending suits with prejudice, including her complaint 
against Acheson in the District of Maine. See Notice of Vol-
untary Dismissal in No. 2:20–cv–00344 (July 20, 2023), ECF 
Doc. 45. She then fled a suggestion of mootness in this 
Court. At this point, Acheson had already fled its principal 
brief on the standing issue, and we deferred a decision on 
mootness until after oral argument. 
Laufer does not argue that we must dismiss her suit for 
mootness. She acknowledges that we can address jurisdic-
tional issues in any order we choose, see Sinochem Int'l Co. 
v. Malaysia Int'l Shipping Corp., 549 U. S. 422, 431 (2007), 
and so have authority to resolve the standing issue. But 
mootness is easy and standing is hard, Laufer says. She 
urges us to refrain from resolving a diffcult question in a 
case that is otherwise over. 
*On November 14th, the Fourth Circuit vacated and remanded the sus-
pension order, holding that the District Court gave Gillespie insuffcient 
notice that it might sanction him not only for dishonesty to opposing coun-
sel, but also for failing to communicate with his clients. In re Gillespie , 
No. 23–1819 (2023) (per curiam ). Disciplinary proceedings remain pend-
ing in the District Court.

Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 5 
Opinion of the Court 
Acheson, on the other hand, stresses that the diffcult 
standing issue is the reason we took this case. Though 
Laufer's case is dead, the circuit split is very much alive. 
This Court has received briefs and heard oral argument. 
For effciency's sake, Acheson insists that we should settle 
the issue now rather than repeating the work later. More-
over, Acheson warns that if we dismiss this case for moot-
ness, the standing issue might not come back anytime soon. 
While Laufer has disavowed the intention to fle any more 
ADA tester suits, Tr. of Oral Arg. 70, others will fle in the 
circuits that sided with her, and hotels will settle, regarding 
it as pointless to challenge circuit precedent in this Court. 
Why would any hotel take a case this far, Acheson asks, if 
the respondent can evade our review by abandoning a claim 
rather than risking a loss? 
We are sensitive to Acheson's concern about litigants ma-
nipulating the jurisdiction of this Court. We are not con-
vinced, however, that Laufer abandoned her case in an effort 
to evade our review. She voluntarily dismissed her pending 
ADA cases after a lower court sanctioned her lawyer. She 
represented to this Court that she will not fle any others. 
Laufer's case against Acheson is moot, and we dismiss it on 
that ground. We emphasize, however, that we might exer-
cise our discretion differently in a future case. 
* * * 
The judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded to the 
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit with in-
structions to dismiss the case as moot. See United States v. 
Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U. S. 36 (1950). Justice Jackson ob-
jects to this disposition, urging us to instead leave the First 
Circuit's judgment in place. Post, at 16–20 (opinion concur-
ring in judgment). Our Munsingwear practice is well set-
tled. See, e. g., United States v. Microsoft Corp., 584 U. S. 
236, 240 (2018) (per curiam ); Great Western Sugar Co. v. Nel-
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6 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
son, 442 U. S. 92, 93–94 (1979) (per curiam); Duke Power Co. v. 
Greenwood County, 299 U. S. 259, 267 (1936) (per curiam); see 
also S. Shapiro, K. Geller, T. Bishop, E. Hartnett, & D. Him-
melfarb, Supreme Court Practice § 19.5 (11th ed. 2019). We 
decline Justice Jackson's invitation to reconsider it. 
It is so ordered. 
Justice Thomas, concurring in the judgment. 
Deborah Laufer has fled hundreds of lawsuits against ho-
tels she has no intention of visiting, claiming that their web-
sites lack accessibility information mandated by a federal 
regulation. At both parties' request, this Court agreed to 
answer a question that has divided the Courts of Appeals: 
whether plaintiffs like Laufer have standing to bring these 
claims. The Court decides not to decide that question be-
cause, after briefng began, Laufer voluntarily dismissed her 
claim in the District Court. I would answer this important 
and recurring question, which, as all agree, we have the au-
thority to do. And, I conclude that Laufer lacks standing. 
I 
Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 
(ADA) prohibits discrimination “on the basis of disability 
in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facili-
ties, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place 
of public accommodation,” such as a hotel. 42 U. S. C. 
§§ 12182(a), 12181(7)(A). Title III defnes discrimination to 
include “a failure to make reasonable modifcations” when 
“necessary to afford . . . services . . . or accommodations to 
individuals with disabilities.” § 12182(b)(2)(A)(ii). To en-
force the ADA's prohibition on discrimination, Title III cre-
ates a private cause of action that permits “any person who 
is being subjected to discrimination on the basis of disability” 
to sue for violations. § 12188(a)(1). Only injunctive relief 
and attorney's fees are available to private litigants. Ibid.; 
see also §§ 12205, 2000a–3(a). The Attorney General, how-

Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 7 
Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
ever, may obtain damages or assess civil penalties. 
§ 12188(b)(2). 
The Department of Justice promulgated a regulation 
known as the Reservation Rule to aid in the implementation 
of the ADA's prohibition on discrimination. The rule re-
quires hotels to “[i]dentify and describe accessible features 
. . . in enough detail to reasonably permit individuals with 
disabilities to assess independently whether a given hotel or 
guest room meets his or her accessibility needs.” 28 CFR 
§ 36.302(e)(1)(ii) (2022). The rule also applies to reserva-
tions made “through a third party.” Ibid. 
Laufer, who is wheelchair bound, is a self-described “tes-
ter” of compliance with the Reservation Rule. From her 
home in Florida, Laufer scours the internet for hotel web-
sites that do not contain the required accessibility informa-
tion. When she fnds a defcient website, she sues the hotel. 
She often offers to settle immediately for $10,000 in attor-
ney's fees and corrective action. See Report and Recom-
mendation in In re Gillespie , No. 1:21–mc–14 (D Md., June 
30, 2023), ECF Doc. 13, p. 5; No. 1:21–mc–14 (July 5, 2023), 
ECF Doc. 14, p. 1, vacated on other grounds by In re Gilles-
pie, No. 23–1819 (CA4, Nov. 14, 2023) (per curiam ). In the 
past fve years, Laufer has fled over 600 lawsuits against 
hotels. 
In this case, Laufer visited the website of a bed and break-
fast located in Maine, the Coast Village Inn. She fled suit 
against the Coast Village Inn's owner, Acheson Hotels, for 
failing to provide suffcient accessibility information. She 
also contended that 13 third-party booking websites, such as 
Expedia, failed to provide accessibility information for the 
Coast Village Inn. Laufer initially alleged that she was 
planning to visit the Coast Village Inn as part of a cross-
country trip from Florida to Maine to Colorado. But she 
later disclaimed any intent to travel to Maine (or the Coast 
Village Inn). 50 F. 4th 259, 267, n. 3 (CA1 2022); see also 
Brief for Appellant in No. 21–1410 (CA1), p. 4, n. 1. 
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8 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
The District Court concluded that Laufer lacked standing 
and dismissed her complaint. The First Circuit reversed, 
relying primarily on this Court's holding in Havens Realty 
Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U. S. 363 (1982), that a tester had 
standing to sue under the Fair Housing Act. When Acheson 
Hotels petitioned for certiorari, Laufer agreed. She high-
lighted that the Circuits were split as to her standing and 
argued that “clarity from this Court is badly needed.” Brief 
in Opposition 1. After we granted certiorari and set the 
case for argument, Laufer fled a notice in the District Court 
of her voluntary dismissal of her claim with prejudice. And, 
even though Acheson Hotels (and several amici) had already 
fled briefs, Laufer requested that we dismiss this case as 
moot. We denied her request at that time, but agreed to 
consider it at oral argument. The case has been fully 
briefed and the Court has heard argument on the merits. 
Today, however, the majority opts to resolve this case on 
mootness. We can—and should—address the question on 
which we granted certiorari. 
II 
I would not dismiss this case as moot. There is no ques-
tion that we have authority to address Laufer's standing. 
Standing and mootness are both jurisdictional doctrines that 
fow from Article III. And, there is no mandatory “sequenc-
ing of jurisdictional issues.” Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil 
Co., 526 U. S. 574, 584 (1999). Indeed, as the majority and 
Laufer herself acknowledge, we have the discretion to deter-
mine either “ `threshold groun[d] for denying audience to a 
case on the merits.' ” Sinochem Int'l Co. v. Malaysia Int'l 
Shipping Corp., 549 U. S. 422, 431 (2007) (quoting Ruhrgas, 
526 U. S., at 585); ante, at 4; Suggestion of Mootness 9 
(“[T]his Court has discretion to resolve either issue frst”). 
We should address Laufer's standing, rather than resolve 
this case on mootness. As an analytical matter, whether 
Laufer had standing the day she fled her suit is logically 
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Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
antecedent to whether her later actions mooted the case. 
More importantly, whether Laufer has standing to bring her 
Reservation Rule claims is a recurring question that only 
this Court can defnitively resolve. As the majority ex-
plains, “Laufer has singlehandedly generated a circuit split” 
on her standing. Ante, at 3. And Laufer is far from the 
only Reservation Rule tester. See, e.g., Harty v. West Point 
Realty, Inc., 28 F. 4th 435 (CA2 2022); Love v. Marriott Own-
ership Resorts, Inc., No. 20–cv–7523 (ND Cal., Mar. 29, 2021); 
Sarwar v. Om Sai, LLC , No. 2:20–cv–483 (D Me., May 18, 
2021). Beyond answering this question for our colleagues 
on the Courts of Appeal and District Courts, we should an-
swer it for Acheson Hotels, which has spent signifcant time 
and resources fully briefng a question that will now go 
unanswered. 
What is more, the circumstances strongly suggest strate-
gic behavior on Laufer's part. After this case was well un-
derway in this Court, Laufer fled a notice with the District 
Court voluntarily dismissing her claim with prejudice, osten-
sibly because another court sanctioned one of her attorneys 
for misconduct related to some of Laufer's ADA cases. But 
the attorney in question had nothing to do with the case 
before us. Suggestion of Mootness 3 (acknowledging at-
issue attorney “had no involvement in the present case be-
fore this Court”). Laufer's logic is thus that she dismissed 
her claim—and the Court should no longer address whether 
she had standing—because an attorney she hired in an en-
tirely different case engaged in misconduct. An unrelated 
attorney's conduct does nothing to change the analysis re-
quired to determine a plaintiff's standing. Laufer admits as 
much, arguing only that the alleged misconduct “could dis-
tract from the merits of her ADA claims and everything she 
has sought to achieve for persons with disabilities like her-
self.” Id., at 4. I would not reward Laufer's transparent 
tactic for evading our review. Although the majority leaves 
the door open to “exercise [its] discretion differently in a

10 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
future case,” we have needlessly invited litigants to follow 
Laufer's path to manipulate our docket. Ante, at 5. We 
should not resolve this case about standing based upon moot-
ness of Laufer's own making.
1 
III 
Turning to the question presented, Laufer lacks standing 
to bring her ADA claims. Article III of the Constitution 
extends the “judicial Power” to all “Cases” and “Controver-
sies.” Standing doctrine serves to “limi[t] the `judicial 
power' to ` “cases and controversies of the sort traditionally 
amenable to, and resolved by, the judicial process.” ' ” 
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U. S. 330, 343 (2016) (Thomas, J., 
concurring) (quoting Vermont Agency of Natural Resources 
v. United States ex rel. Stevens, 529 U. S. 765, 774 (2000)). 
In doing so, standing “preserve[s] separation of powers by 
preventing the Judiciary's entanglement in disputes that are 
primarily political in nature.” Spokeo, 578 U. S., at 344. 
As I have previously explained, “[t]he mere fling of a com-
plaint in federal court . . . does not a case (or controversy) 
make.” TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U. S. 413, 446 
(2021) (Thomas, J., dissenting). Our “judicial power [does 
not extend] to every violation of the constitution [or law] 
which may possibly take place, but to `a case in law or eq-
uity,' in which a right, under such law, is asserted in a Court 
of justice.” Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 405 (1821). 
To have standing, a plaintiff must assert a violation of his 
rights. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U. S. 555, 
563 (1992) (“[T]he party seeking review [must] be himself 
among the injured” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 
After all, “[t]he province of the court is, solely, to decide on 
the rights of individuals.” Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 
137, 170 (1803). It is not to address a plaintiff's claim of 
1 The majority vacates the opinion below in Laufer's favor, and rightly 
so. See United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U. S. 36 (1950). 
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Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
“only harm to his and every citizen's interest in proper appli-
cation of the . . . laws.” Lujan, 504 U. S., at 573. 2 
Laufer lacks standing because her claim does not assert a 
violation of a right under the ADA, much less a violation of 
her rights. Her claim alleges that Acheson Hotels violated 
the ADA by failing to include on its website the accessibility 
information that the Reservation Rule requires. Yet, the 
ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated 
against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoy-
ment of the . . . services . . . of any place of public accommoda-
tion.” 42 U. S. C. § 12182(a). In other words, the ADA pro-
hibits only discrimination based on disability—it does not 
create a right to information. 
Laufer's ADA claim is thus different from the tester's 
claim under the Fair Housing Act that the Court addressed 
2 The traditional distinction between public and private rights shapes 
the contours of the judicial power. See Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U. S. 
330, 344 (2016) (opinion of Thomas, J.); Wellness Int'l Network, Ltd. v. 
Sharif, 575 U. S. 665, 713 (2015) (Thomas, J., dissenting). Private rights, 
such as the classic rights to life, liberty, and property, were “so called 
because they `appertain[ed] and belong[ed] to particular men . . . merely 
as individuals,' not `to them as members of society [or] standing in various 
relations to each other'—that is, not dependent upon the will of the gov-
ernment.” Id., at 713 (quoting 1 W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the 
Laws of England 119 (1765)). By contrast, public rights “belon[g] to the 
public as a whole.” B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Industries, Inc., 575 
U. S. 138, 171 (2015) (Thomas, J., dissenting); see also 4 Blackstone, Com-
mentaries 5 (1772). And “quasi-private rights, or statutory entitlements, 
are those ` “privileges” ' or ` “franchises” ' that are bestowed by the govern-
ment on individuals.” B&B Hardware , 575 U. S., at 171. We need not 
classify Laufer's legal interests because, regardless of which type of right 
a plaintiff asserts, he must allege “the violation of his private legal right” 
or his own injury based on a violation of a public right. Spokeo, 578 U. S., 
at 344 (opinion of Thomas, J.) (emphasis added); see also A. Woolhandler & 
C. Nelson, Does History Defeat Standing Doctrine? 102 Mich. L. Rev. 689, 
723 (2004); C. Nelson, Vested Rights, “Franchises,” and the Separation of 
Powers, 169 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1429, 1433, 1437–1438 (2021). For the reasons 
provided, Laufer has not alleged a violation of her rights or a cognizable 
injury to herself.

12 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
in Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U. S. 363. In con-
trast to the ADA, the Fair Housing Act explicitly prohibits 
“represent[ing] to any person because of race . . . that any 
dwelling is not available for inspection, sale, or rental when 
such dwelling is in fact so available.” § 3604(d). Accord-
ingly, when Havens Realty told a black tester that no apart-
ments were available but told a white tester that it had va-
cancies, the Court found that the black tester had standing 
to sue. The Court explained that the statute created “a 
legal right to truthful information about available housing.” 
Id., at 373. The black tester had been personally denied 
that truthful information, so she had standing to bring her 
claim. Havens Realty thus has no bearing on Laufer's 
standing as a tester of compliance with the ADA, which pro-
vides no such statutory right to information. 
Laufer points to the Reservation Rule, alleging that it cre-
ates an entitlement to accessibility information. But even 
assuming a regulation could—and did—create such a right, 
Laufer asserts no violation of her own rights with regard to 
that information. Laufer does not even harbor “ `some day' 
intentions” of traveling to Maine to visit the Coast Village 
Inn. Lujan, 504 U. S., at 564. Her lack of intent to visit 
the hotel or even book a hotel room elsewhere in Maine evis-
cerates any connection to her purported legal interest in the 
accessibility information required by the Reservation Rule. 
To put it in the “more pedestrian terms” used by then-Judge 
Scalia, standing asks “ `What's it to you?' ” The Doctrine of 
Standing as an Essential Element of the Separation of Pow-
ers, 17 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 881, 882 (1983). Acheson Hotels' 
failure to provide accessibility information on its website is 
nothing to Laufer, because she disclaimed any intent to visit 
the hotel. 
Rather than assert a violation of her own rights, Laufer 
casts herself in the role of a private attorney general, surfng 
the web to ensure hotels' compliance with the Reservation 
Rule. Laufer has described herself as “an advocate on be-
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Thomas, J., concurring in judgment 
half of both [her]self and other similarly situated disabled 
persons.” App. 17a. She admits that, “[a]s a tester, [she] 
visit[s] hotel online reservation services to ascertain whether 
they are in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities 
Act.” Ibid. As a public offcial would do, Laufer even mon-
itors those hotel websites she has found lacking. She uses 
“a system” to track each of the hundreds of hotels she has 
sued. Id., at 19a. “Once a case is settled, [she] mark[s] the 
date . . . when the defendant has agreed to fx its websites,” 
and on that date, she “revisit[s]” the website to ensure the 
hotel has complied. Id., at 19a–20a. 
Laufer sues “not to enforce specifc legal obligations whose 
violation works a direct harm” on her, but to force hotels to 
comply with the Reservation Rule. Allen v. Wright, 468 
U. S. 737, 761 (1984). “Vindicating the public interest . . . is 
the function of Congress and the Chief Executive,” however, 
not private plaintiffs. Lujan, 504 U. S., at 576. The Presi-
dent is tasked with the duty to “take Care that the Laws be 
faithfully executed,” U. S. Const., Art. II, § 3, and Executive 
Branch offcials have discretion to choose whether and how 
to enforce the law, see Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U. S. 821, 831– 
832 (1985). Yet, as Judge Newsom has explained, “[t]esters 
exercise the sort of proactive enforcement discretion prop-
erly reserved to the Executive Branch,” with none of the 
corresponding accountability. Laufer v. Arpan, LLC , 29 
F. 4th 1268, 1291 (CA11 2022) (concurring opinion). 
This case exemplifes the dangers. An offcial could have 
informed Acheson Hotels that its website failed to comply 
with the Reservation Rule, and Acheson Hotels could have 
updated its website to explain it had no accessible rooms. 
Laufer, however, chose to “enforce” each technical violation 
of the ADA she could uncover with a lawsuit. Because she 
is a private plaintiff, no discretion was required or exercised. 
And, of course, Laufer has been willing to forgo her suits if 
a hotel pays up, even though the ADA provides for no dam-
ages for private litigants. Laufer's aggressive efforts to

14 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
personally impose fnancial penalties for violations of the 
Reservation Rule go far beyond the role that Congress envi-
sioned for private plaintiffs under the ADA. Without a vio-
lation of her own rights, Laufer lacks standing to sue hotels 
under the ADA. Ensuring and monitoring compliance with 
the law is a function of a Government offcial, not a private 
person who does not assert a violation of her own rights. 
IV 
Standing ensures that courts decide disputes over viola-
tions of a person's rights, not a defendant's compliance with 
the law in the abstract. Because Laufer has not asserted a 
violation of a right owed to her, she has no standing to bring 
her Reservation Rule claims. The Court should not have 
avoided reaching that conclusion due to Laufer's eleventh-
hour tactics. I respectfully concur in the judgment because 
I would vacate and remand, with instructions to dismiss for 
lack of standing. 
Justice Jackson, concurring in the judgment. 
I agree with the Court that this case is moot and that it 
should be resolved on that basis. But the Court goes fur-
ther, ordering vacatur of the judgment of the Court of Ap-
peals under United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U. S. 36 
(1950). See ante, at 5–6. In my view, when mootness ends 
an appeal, the question of what to do with the lower court's 
judgment, if anything, raises a separate issue that must be 
addressed separately. 
I 
Mootness and vacatur are distinct concepts. Start with 
mootness. The doctrine of mootness stems from Article III 
of the Constitution, which permits federal courts to adjudi-
cate only “Cases” and “Controversies.” “Simply stated, a 
case is moot when the issues presented are no longer `live' or 
the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” 
Powell v. McCormack, 395 U. S. 486, 496 (1969). If a case 
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Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 15 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
becomes moot, “the existence of a case or controversy” is at 
an end, and there is therefore no basis for “the exercise of 
judicial power.” Liner v. Jafco, Inc., 375 U. S. 301, 306, n. 3 
(1964); see also Chapman v. Doe, 598 U. S. –––, ––– (2023) 
(Jackson, J., dissenting). Mootness thus justifes only dis-
missal. Barring some other justifcation, we can go no 
further. 
Vacatur is a different animal entirely. Vacatur is a rem-
edy that erases a judgment that has already been rendered. 
Here, the Court invokes a so-called Munsingwear vacatur, 
see ante, at 5–6, a species of vacatur that we have sometimes 
applied to judgments in civil cases that have “become moot 
while on [their] way here or pending our decision on the mer-
its,” 340 U. S., at 39. 
The precise origins of vacatur, both as a general matter 
and in its Munsingwear form, are uncertain. In fact, some 
have described the power of a court to vacate a judgment as 
“shrouded in ancient lore and mystery.” Advisory Commit-
tee's Note on Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 60(b), 28 U. S. C. App., 
p. 289.
1 It seems plausible that our authority to vacate a 
lower court's judgment under Munsingwear arises from our 
“supervisory appellate power” to “make such disposition of 
the case as justice requires.” Walling v. James V. Reuter, 
Inc., 321 U. S. 671, 676 (1944); see also U. S. Bancorp Mort-
gage Co. v. Bonner Mall Partnership, 513 U. S. 18, 21–22 
(1994). All agree, however, that vacatur extends from the 
historical practice of equity, which for centuries has provided 
courts with the power “to protect all rights and do justice to 
all concerned.” Rubber Co. v. Goodyear, 9 Wall. 805, 807 
1 We have sometimes invoked 28 U. S. C. § 2106 as the source of our vaca-
tur authority after mootness arises, see, e. g., Camreta v. Greene, 563 U. S. 
692, 712 (2011), but that statute provides only that we may “direct the 
entry of such appropriate judgment, decree, or order, or require such fur-
ther proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances.” 
§ 2106. And, of course, that statutory provision cannot confer jurisdiction 
in excess of Article III, from which the limitation of mootness derives. 
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16 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
(1870). The Munsingwear remedy, like its vacatur kin, de-
veloped from “this equitable tradition.” Bancorp, 513 U. S., 
at 25. 
As an equitable remedy, vacatur “is not granted as a mat-
ter of course.” Salazar v. Buono, 559 U. S. 700, 714 (2010) 
(opinion of Kennedy, J.). Instead, precisely “[b]ecause [vaca-
tur] is rooted in equity, the decision whether to vacate turns 
on `the conditions and circumstances of the particular case.' ” 
Azar v. Garza, 584 U. S. 726, 729 (2018) (per curiam ) (quoting 
United States v. Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Ac-
tien Gesellschaft, 239 U. S. 466, 478 (1916)). Per historical 
tradition, a court that is asked to exercise its equitable au-
thority to vacate a lower court's judgment must determine, 
in essence, whether it is “most consonant to justice” for the 
judgment to “remain undisturbed” or be vacated. South 
Spring Hill Gold Mining Co. v. Amador Medean Gold Min-
ing Co., 145 U. S. 300, 301–302 (1892) (emphasis deleted). 
II 
Because mootness and vacatur involve different legal anal-
yses, see Part I, supra, I think courts should address them 
separately. Moreover, at least in theory if not in practice, 
vacatur does not—and cannot—automatically follow from 
mootness. 
For one thing, automatic vacatur plainly fouts the require-
ment of an individualized, circumstance-driven fairness eval-
uation, which, as I have explained, is the hallmark of an equi-
table remedy. “The essence of equity jurisdiction has been 
the power . . . to do equity and to mould each decree to the 
necessities of the particular case.” Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 321 
U. S. 321, 329 (1944). Vacatur is an “extraordinary” exercise 
of an appellate court's “equitable” authority. Bancorp, 513 
U. S., at 26. As such, it simply cannot be a one-size-fts-all 
solution. 
Second, and perhaps even more fundamentally, automatic 
vacatur is fatly inconsistent with our common-law tradition 
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Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 17 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
of case-by-case adjudication, which “assumes that judicial de-
cisions are valuable and should not be cast aside lightly.” 
Chapman, 598 U. S., at –––. Our legal system rests not only 
on the holdings of this Court, but also on the reasoned deci-
sions of duly authorized lower court judges. Jurists presid-
ing over cases at every level have a duty “to say what the 
law is.” Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137, 177 (1803). 
That mootness can sometimes leave parties unable to appeal 
does not bear on the continued validity of those lower court 
opinions in any respect. 
We do not consider a court's judgment to be any less bind-
ing on the parties simply because there is not an appeal; 
appeal or not, lower court rulings are still law. And it is 
not as if a decision rendered by a lower court is less than 
fnal, or is not perfected, unless and until it receives the im-
primatur of this Court. Indeed, many lower court determi-
nations are not even appealable as a matter of law. See, 
e. g., 28 U. S. C. § 1447(d) (providing that, with limited excep-
tions, “[a]n order remanding a case to the State court from 
which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or other-
wise”); cf. § 1292(a) (authorizing appeals of only certain kinds 
of interlocutory orders). Our legal system regards those de-
cisions as pronouncements of law nevertheless. 
In other words, even if a party cannot appeal, or opts not 
to do so, lower court judgments are binding and presump-
tively valid. And the lack of an appeal, on its own, does not 
suffce to rebut that presumption. Any suggestion to the 
contrary misunderstands the scope of the authority that all 
federal judges have pursuant to Article III, and disrespects 
the time and talent of the jurists who have previously under-
taken to assess the merits of the matter. 
Nor is the validity of a lower court's judgment cast into 
doubt as a result of the case's subsequent mootness. We do 
not erase past precedents just because those cases cease to 
be live, litigated matters. Every federal case fades to black 
at some point, yet in our common-law system of case-by-case 
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18 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
adjudication, the rulings that Article III judges have issued 
in those cases remain good law. “[T]here is no particular 
reason to assume that a decision, later mooted, is any less 
valid as precedent than any other opinion of a court.” Ma-
honey v. Babbitt, 113 F. 3d 219, 222 (CADC 1997). 
III 
A 
Why, then, does the possibility of nullifying a lower court's 
judgment by ordering Munsingwear vacatur exist? I sub-
mit that it serves a specifc, equitable function: to address 
any unjust circumstances or unfairness that might stem from 
the inability to appeal a particular lower court decision, not-
withstanding its presumptive validity. And just as in Mun-
singwear itself, “the party seeking relief from the status 
quo of the appellate judgment” bears the burden of establish-
ing “equitable entitlement to [this] extraordinary remedy.” 
Bancorp, 513 U. S., at 26.
2 
Thus, in my view, sound vacatur arguments must be 
rooted in fairness. Likewise, I believe that a court's Mun-
singwear determination should involve a particularized as-
sessment of whether “the conditions and circumstances of 
the particular case” warrant vacatur of the lower court's 
judgment. Garza, 584 U. S., at 729 (internal quotation 
marks omitted). 
2 In United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U. S. 36 (1950), the Federal 
Government, as plaintiff, had brought both an injunctive claim and a dam-
ages claim; it lost the injunctive claim frst and was unable to appeal that 
lower court determination because of intervening mootness. Id., at 37. 
The unappealable lower court judgment with respect to the injunctive 
claim then precluded the Government from litigating the merits of its dam-
ages claim. Ibid. This Court noted that a vacatur request had been 
available to the Government to avert this unfairness, but that the Govern-
ment had “slept on its rights” in failing to seek that particular remedy. 
Id., at 40–41. 
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Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 19 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
It is, of course, impossible to catalog all of the potential 
circumstances that might justify vacatur of a lower court's 
judgment on fairness grounds, so I will not attempt to do so 
here. As a general matter, I believe that a party who claims 
equitable entitlement to vacatur must explain what harm— 
other than having to accept the law as the lower court stated 
it—fows from the inability to appeal the lower court deci-
sion. The procedural history of Munsingwear provides one 
example of the kind of harm that might warrant vacatur. 
See n. 2, supra. Another stems from the fact that courts 
“must also take account of the public interest” when making 
a vacatur determination, Bancorp, 513 U. S., at 26, which 
raises broader fairness concerns—such as “the orderly oper-
ation of the federal judicial system,” id., at 27. For that 
reason, I think that the Court's “sensitiv[ity] to Acheson's 
concern about litigants manipulating the jurisdiction of this 
Court,” ante, at 5, could be a relevant vacatur consideration, 
and is likewise refected in our prior observation that it 
would be “strange” to “permit a plaintiff to obtain a favor-
able judgment, take voluntary action that moots the dispute, 
and then retain the beneft of the judgment.” Garza, 584 
U. S., at 729 (internal quotation marks omitted).
3 
It suffces for now to say that “[f]lexibility rather than 
rigidity has distinguished” a court's equitable power and the 
potential reasons for exercising it. Hecht, 321 U. S., at 329. 
Still, it bears repeating that the reason for a vacatur remedy 
must be more than “mere disagreement with the decision 
that one seeks to have vacated.” Chapman, 598 U. S., at –––. 
3 The Court has accepted respondent's claim that she voluntarily dis-
missed her suit for legitimate reasons, see ante, at 5, and to be clear, I 
concur with that conclusion. My only point is that any perception that 
mootness has been procured tactically, based on its timing (here, the moot-
ness occurred after we granted review, oral argument was scheduled, and 
briefng had begun) or otherwise, would be relevant to determining 
whether the equitable vacatur remedy is warranted. 
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20 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
Every lower court loser would, of course, prefer that the 
lower court's opinion not exist. But in each and every case 
in our adversarial justice system, one side loses—and gener-
ally must accept that outcome. 
To me, such frst principles about the nature of the vacatur 
remedy, the design of our common-law system, and the scope 
of appellate authority best inform how this Court, and other 
Courts of Appeals, should proceed when addressing a Mun-
singwear motion. Mindful that vacatur of a lower court's 
judgment is an extraordinary equitable remedy designed to 
ensure fairness, and fully cognizant of the danger of uproot-
ing presumptively valid legal precedents—contributions to 
the common law that belong to all who are governed by the 
rule of law in our constitutional system, not just the parties 
in the particular case—we should carefully evaluate the pur-
ported need for vacatur, in terms of the harms it would 
avert. And in the absence of any demonstrated harm-
related justifcation for vacating a lower court's opinion, we 
should conclude that “[t]he `public interest' . . . is generally 
better served by leaving appellate judgments intact.” Al-
varez v. Smith, 558 U. S. 87, 98 (2009) (Stevens, J., concurring 
in part and dissenting in part). 
B 
All that said, I am aware that a party who is deprived of 
the opportunity to appeal due to mootness (like Acheson) 
might feel that loss acutely. It might even experience the 
thwarting of its chance to obtain a reversal on appeal as a 
grave injustice, on par with any other fairness-based justif-
cation for vacatur of the lower court's ruling. I also recog-
nize that this Court has previously expressed sympathy for 
that view. See, e.g., Camreta v. Greene, 563 U. S. 692, 713 
(2011) (suggesting that the inability to challenge “a legally 
consequential decision” warrants vacatur). But I disagree. 
There is nothing inherently inequitable about not being able 
to pursue an appeal. 
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Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 21 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
To reiterate the basic bottom line: The lack of jurisdiction 
that prevents an appeal and the set of circumstances that 
relate to whether the lower court's judgment should be per-
mitted to stand are entirely distinct. The lower court issued 
its ruling while the case was alive. And so rendered, that 
ruling is precedent—“presumptively correct and valuable to 
the legal community as a whole.” Bancorp, 513 U. S., at 26. 
The observation that “what is done is done” is thus the start-
ing point for assessing any response to mootness beyond 
mere dismissal of the appeal. 
It is true that the losing party would ordinarily have the 
right to challenge a lower court's decision by pursuing an 
appeal. But that right is not absolute or inviolate. Wanted 
appeals sometimes cannot proceed for a host of reasons,
4 and 
in such instances, the losing party is normally stuck with the 
outcome that the lower court announced after its consider-
ation of the matter in dispute. We do not consider the pro-
posers of unrequited requests for appellate review to have 
been unjustly wronged. 
To be sure, in the instant case, there is another wrinkle: 
We not only granted Acheson's petition for certiorari, but we 
also heard oral argument related to the merits of its claim 
that the lower court's judgment was erroneous. Thus, 
Acheson had a better opportunity than most to achieve the 
requested reversal of the Court of Appeals' unfavorable deci-
sion. But this Court's demonstrated interest in reviewing 
Acheson's challenge to respondent's moot legal action does 
not add anything to the fairness equation. Now that its ap-
peal has been mooted, Acheson is in no different position 
than the multitude of other litigants who suffered defeat in 
the Courts of Appeals and will not get a review of their case 
on the merits from this Court. To sustain a request for va-
4 Our Court might decide not to grant a would-be petitioner's request 
for certiorari, for example. Or, even after granting review, we might dis-
miss the petition after determining that certiorari was improvidently 
granted. 
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22 ACHESON HOTELS, LLC v. LAUFER 
Jackson, J., concurring in judgment 
catur, Acheson needs to rely on something more than its own 
abject disappointment. 
* * * 
The parties in this case have not provided any equitable 
basis for vacatur of the Court of Appeals' judgment, nor has 
the majority described any, beyond its reference to the 
Court's past practices and a citation to Munsingwear. See 
ante, at 5–6. For the reasons explained above, I would ordi-
narily not agree to the imposition of a vacatur remedy that 
was not fully discussed, much less established. But I recog-
nize that this Court's vacatur ruling is consistent with our 
“established practice” of vacating the judgment of the Court 
of Appeals below “when mootness occurs through . . . the 
unilateral action of the party who prevailed in the lower 
court.” Arizonans for Offcial English v. Arizona, 520 
U. S. 43, 70–71 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted); see 
also Garza, 584 U. S., at 729; supra, at 19, and n. 3. I concur 
in the judgment on the basis of that precedent, despite my 
own views of this practice, because respondent's voluntary 
dismissal is the sort of “unilateral action” that we have pre-
viously deemed adequate for vacatur. 
Page Proof Pending Publication

Page Proof Pending Publication
Reporter’s Note 
The attached opinion has been revised to refect the usual publication 
and citation style of the United States Reports. The revised pagination 
makes available the offcial United States Reports citation in advance of 
publication. The syllabus has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions 
for the convenience of the reader and constitutes no part of the opinion of 
the Court. A list of counsel who argued or fled briefs in this case, and 
who were members of the bar of this Court at the time this case was 
argued, has been inserted following the syllabus. Other revisions may 
include adjustments to formatting, captions, citation form, and any errant 
punctuation. The following additional edits were made: 
p. 4, n., line 5: “(per curiam )” is inserted after “(2023)” 
p. 5, line 4 from bottom: “Post, at 16–20 (opinion concurring in judgment)” 
is inserted after “place” 
p. 10, line 10 from bottom: “in” is deleted 
p. 16, line 5: “(opinion of Kennedy, J.)” is inserted after “(2010)” 
p. 19, line 16: “manipulating this Court's jurisdiction” is replaced with “ma-
nipulating the jurisdiction of this Court”

Retrieval chunks

• #1

  PRELIMINARY PRINT Volume 601 U. S. Part 1 Pages 1–22 OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE SUPREME COURT December 5, 2023 REBECCA A. WOMELDORF reporter of decisions Page Proof Pending Publication NOTICE: This preliminary print is subject to formal revision before the bound volume is published. Users are requested to noti…

• #2

  Solicitor General Prelogar, Assistant Attorney General Clarke, Deputy Solicitor General Fletcher, Bonnie I. Robin- Vergeer, and Yael Bortnick. Kelsi Brown Corkran argued the cause for respondent. With her on the briefs were Rupa Bhattacharyya, Amy L. Marshak, and Joseph W. Mead.* *Briefs of amici curiae urging r…

• #3

  does not focus her efforts on hotels where she has any thought of staying, much less booking a room. Instead, Laufer systematically searches the web to fnd hotels that fail to provide accessibility information and sues to force compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 104 Stat. 327, 42 U…

• #4

  ther of Laufer's grandchild for investigatory work that he never performed, raising the prospect that either Gillespie or Laufer (or both) got a cut of the money. Id., at 28, 30. Making matters still worse, the sanctions order against Gil- lespie also implicated Laufer's former counsel of record be- fore this Cou…

• #5

  the respondent can evade our review by abandoning a claim rather than risking a loss? We are sensitive to Acheson's concern about litigants ma- nipulating the jurisdiction of this Court. We are not con- vinced, however, that Laufer abandoned her case in an effort to evade our review. She voluntarily dismissed her…

• #6

  in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facili- ties, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation,” such as a hotel. 42 U. S. C. §§ 12182(a), 12181(7)(A). Title III defnes discrimination to include “a failure to make reasonable modifcations” when “necessary to af…

• #7

  Expedia, failed to provide accessibility information for the Coast Village Inn. Laufer initially alleged that she was planning to visit the Coast Village Inn as part of a cross- country trip from Florida to Maine to Colorado. But she later disclaimed any intent to travel to Maine (or the Coast Village Inn). 50 F.…

• #8

  Laufer had standing the day she fled her suit is logically Page Proof Pending Publication Page Proof Pending Publication Cite as: 601 U. S. 1 (2023) 9 Thomas, J., concurring in judgment antecedent to whether her later actions mooted the case. More importantly, whether Laufer has standing to bring her Reservatio…

• #9

  should not resolve this case about standing based upon moot- ness of Laufer's own making. 1 III Turning to the question presented, Laufer lacks standing to bring her ADA claims. Article III of the Constitution extends the “judicial Power” to all “Cases” and “Controver- sies.” Standing doctrine serves to “limi[t…

• #10

  against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoy- ment of the . . . services . . . of any place of public accommoda- tion.” 42 U. S. C. § 12182(a). In other words, the ADA pro- hibits only discrimination based on disability—it does not create a right to information. Laufer's ADA claim is thus differ…

• #11

  such dwelling is in fact so available.” § 3604(d). Accord- ingly, when Havens Realty told a black tester that no apart- ments were available but told a white tester that it had va- cancies, the Court found that the black tester had standing to sue. The Court explained that the statute created “a legal right to tr…

• #12

  sued. Id., at 19a. “Once a case is settled, [she] mark[s] the date . . . when the defendant has agreed to fx its websites,” and on that date, she “revisit[s]” the website to ensure the hotel has complied. Id., at 19a–20a. Laufer sues “not to enforce specifc legal obligations whose violation works a direct harm” o…

• #13

  her Reservation Rule claims. The Court should not have avoided reaching that conclusion due to Laufer's eleventh- hour tactics. I respectfully concur in the judgment because I would vacate and remand, with instructions to dismiss for lack of standing. Justice Jackson, concurring in the judgment. I agree with the…

• #14

  “supervisory appellate power” to “make such disposition of the case as justice requires.” Walling v. James V. Reuter, Inc., 321 U. S. 671, 676 (1944); see also U. S. Bancorp Mort- gage Co. v. Bonner Mall Partnership, 513 U. S. 18, 21–22 (1994). All agree, however, that vacatur extends from the historical practice…

• #15

  uation, which, as I have explained, is the hallmark of an equi- table remedy. “The essence of equity jurisdiction has been the power . . . to do equity and to mould each decree to the necessities of the particular case.” Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 321 U. S. 321, 329 (1944). Vacatur is an “extraordinary” exercise of an …

• #16

  Nor is the validity of a lower court's judgment cast into doubt as a result of the case's subsequent mootness. We do not erase past precedents just because those cases cease to be live, litigated matters. Every federal case fades to black at some point, yet in our common-law system of case-by-case Page Proof Pend…

• #17

  circumstances that might justify vacatur of a lower court's judgment on fairness grounds, so I will not attempt to do so here. As a general matter, I believe that a party who claims equitable entitlement to vacatur must explain what harm— other than having to accept the law as the lower court stated it—fows from …

• #18

  remedy, the design of our common-law system, and the scope of appellate authority best inform how this Court, and other Courts of Appeals, should proceed when addressing a Mun- singwear motion. Mindful that vacatur of a lower court's judgment is an extraordinary equitable remedy designed to ensure fairness, and f…

• #19

  appeal. But that right is not absolute or inviolate. Wanted appeals sometimes cannot proceed for a host of reasons, 4 and in such instances, the losing party is normally stuck with the outcome that the lower court announced after its consider- ation of the matter in dispute. We do not consider the pro- posers of…

• #20

  in the judgment on the basis of that precedent, despite my own views of this practice, because respondent's voluntary dismissal is the sort of “unilateral action” that we have pre- viously deemed adequate for vacatur. Page Proof Pending Publication Page Proof Pending Publication Reporter’s Note The attached opi…